Origin of Hindi and Urdu

[Rohit]

Present day regional languages borrow more than 80 per cent words from Sanskrit.

No wonder why their evolution remained ceased for centuries and no wonder why they all remained utterly incapable of dealing with the advanced subject matters of science, engineering, mathematics in general and also of modern economics, commerce etc. No wonder at all.

Anyway, here, language is meant as natural language and not as artificial languages used for software development for, or programming of, computers and robots or AI that may not develop autonomous thinking capacity of their own in a foreseeable future.

A language must carry social dimensions; and likewise, there must exist linguistic dimensions of society too.

A language can serve as a medium of communication, only if it is spoken and/or written by society.

A language must be capable of communication of thoughts and experiences through structural representation of conceptual terms having cognitive dimensions and/or orientations.

A language should be capable of serving as a medium of communication, both for vocal and/or written instructions as well as in education in general.

When a language loses its social dimensions, and at the same time, the linguistic dimensions of society towards the language no longer exist, the language degenerates, becomes dead and eventually goes extinct.

Those who suffer from cognitive degeneration, which renders them incapable of grasping the overall process involved in language development and its evolution as briefly described earlier, invariably use false analogies and dissonance ridden fallacies to maintain the false value of the dead and/or extinct languages.

Such approach avoidance conflicts are frequently observed in those dull novices who are inculcated to assimilate almost all forms of fallacies and blunders, since they severely lacked in autonomous thinking ability to grasp the essentials and correlates of situations. And therefore, they may never realise the fact that they indiscriminately keep committing fallacies and blunders while arguing without having any real evidence in support even when the situation necessarily requires some strong ones.

Nonetheless, there is no stronger evidence of the death of a language than the dead language itself.

[Rohit]

Good info...thanks

You are most welcome, sundararaj.

[Rohit]

Ramanujan was indeed a genius; there is no second opinion about that. But neither he nor his work was valued in India; and that fact is nothing but a humiliating blow on the face of Indian society.

Nonetheless, it is also worth noticing the following facts.

Born in South India, Ramanujan was a promising student, winning academic prizes in high school. But at age 16 his life took a decisive turn after he obtained a book titled A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics. The book was simply a compilation of thousands of mathematical results, most set down with little or no indication of proof. It was in no sense a mathematical classic; rather, it was written as an aid to coaching English mathematics students facing the notoriously difficult Tripos examination, which involved a great deal of wholesale memorization. But in Ramanujan it inspired a burst of feverish mathematical activity, as he worked through the book's results and beyond. Unfortunately, his total immersion in mathematics was disastrous for Ramanujan's academic career: ignoring all his other subjects, he repeatedly failed his college.

Ramanujan's years in England were mathematically productive, and he gained the recognition he hoped for.

http://www.usna.edu/Users/math/meh/ramanujan.html

So, such is the power of knowledge transfers and such are the outcomes of stimulated mental activities through such knowledge transfers, inspiring and generating requisite drives in others.

Adulthood in India

After his marriage (on July 14, 1909) he began searching for work. With his packet of mathematical calculations, he travelled around the city of Madras (now Chennai) looking for a clerical position. He managed finally to get a job at the Accountant General's Office at Madras. Ramanujan desired to focus completely on mathematics, and was advised by an Englishman to contact scholars in Cambridge. He doggedly solicited support from influential Indian individuals and published several papers in Indian mathematical journals, but was unsuccessful in his attempts to foster sponsorship. (It might be the case that he was supported by Ramachandra Rao, then the Collector of the Nellore District and a distinguished civil servant. Rao, an amateur mathematician himself, was the uncle of the well-known mathematician, K. Ananda Rao, who went on to become the Principal of the Presidency college.) It was at this point that Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee tried to bolster his cause.

In late 1912 and early 1913, Ramanujan sent letters and examples of his theorems to three Cambridge academics: H. F. Baker, E. W. Hobson, and G. H. Hardy. Only Hardy, to whom Ramanujan wrote in January 1913, recognized the genius demonstrated by the theorems.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan

[Rohit]

RE: Newton

Although Newton was its inventor, he did not introduce calculus into European mathematics. In 1675 Leibniz arrived independently at virtually the same method, which he called differential calculus.

http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/rd/ag/i.../newtlife.html

Little is known of Newton's formal studies as an undergraduate, but he likely received large doses of Aristotle as well as other classical authors.

http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch...8sr-newton.htm

So, proving it once more that, such is the power of cognition transfers and such are the outcomes of stimulated mental activities through such cognition transfers, inspiring and generating requisite drives in others. The interacting sequence of cognition transfers continues to provide undeniable evidences of the stated fact.

As I said earlier, there is no point in dragging the issue when all evidences, data and arguments incontrovertibly prove the same fact.

Therefore, I do not wish to continue entertaining the relentless influx of dissonance-ridden fallacies and blunders, heedlessly discharged by someone at the other end. I am extremely sorry to say this, but we had enough of that.

Of course, the rest may continue, if they wish.

Thank you.

[SRS]

- It appears in pre-Classical form as Vedic Sanskrit (appearing in the Vedas), with the language of the Rigveda being the oldest and most archaic stage preserved. This fact and comparative studies in historical linguistics show that it is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family; it is considered a base language of many modern-day Asian languages.

- Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-Aryan sub-family of the Indo-European family of languages. Together with the Iranian languages it belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch and as such is part of the Satem group of Indo-European languages, which also includes the Balto-Slavic branch.


- The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and literature, as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts.

[SRS]

Did Bhaskar II discover calculus?

Bhaskar II was born in Vijapur in the province of Karnataka in 1114 A.D. He wrote Siddhanta-Shiromani in 1150, which became a classical text in Mathematics and Astronomy. The book is divided in four parts: Lilavati deals with arithmetic, Bijaganita with algebra, Ganitadhyaya and Goladhyaya with astronomy.

In Siddhanta Shiromani, Bhaskar II defines two kinds of planetary velocities: Sthula gati (average speed) and Sukshma or Tatkaliki gati (instantaneous velocity). The process of finding instantaneous velocity involves the use of differential calculus. There is definite proof that Bhaskar II carried out such calculations using the method of differentiation.

According to Hindu astronomy,

l = lmean ± r sina/R

where,

l = true longitude

lmean = mean longitude

r = radius of the epicycle

a = anomaly

and,

R = radius of the deferent cycle


Bhaskar II formulates the expression for the tatkaliki gati (instantaneous velocity) as follows:

"To find the instantaneous velocity (in longitude) of the planet, the kotiphala is to be multiplied by the time rate of change of anomaly and divided by the radius, and the quotient (thus obtained) is to be added to or subtracted from the velocity of the mean planet according as its position is in the six signs from the beginning of Cancer or Capricorn."

Expressed mathematically,

dl/dt = dlmean/dt ± (r cosa/R) da/dt

where,

r cosa = kotiphala

This equation not only provides his familiarity with the notion of differentiation, but also shows his knowledge of the expression

d(sina)/da = cosa


After Bhaskar II, India went through a long hostile foreign rule, and could not produce any mathematician of his caliber for a long time to come.


Reference: D. M. Bose, S.N. Sen and B. V. Subbarayappa, "A Concise History of Science in India", Indian National Science Academy, 1971, p. 203

[Rohit]

I get terribly frightened when I read some of the most cognitively degenerated, ignorant, distorted, disoriented and pretentious posts about the past Indian achievements in science, technology and mathematics, when there have been no real evidences of recognised cognitive outgrowth of Indians in any of the stated fields. Except a few isolated cases.

In order to embrace even the spur of an idea of the achievements of a society in any field, the existence of some real evidences of the true cognitive developmental state of the society is absolutely necessary. And the true developmental state of any society gets reflected in its sustained ability in timely realising of intrusions of undesired and corrupting binding factors in the system that would certainly drag the growth of entire society.

On the contrary,

There is not a single credible reason why Indians could not apply the wealth of the claimed Indian knowledge in advancing the human development of Indian people when the West has evidently done so.

The evolution of all Indian languages remained ceased for centuries and have no chance of any recovery.

Today, Indians have no choice but to keep relying on English language for their education and receiving recognised professional qualifications.

Today, India anxiously looks towards the West for new research works and technologies.

Today, India is heavily dependent on the literature in English language for information and knowledge in those advanced fields.

Today, India is heavily dependent on English language for acquiring new and advanced knowledge in almost all advanced fields.

India is heavily dependent on Russian and other foreign technologies for its military and defence equipment needs.

India is heavily dependent on foreign technologies for its needs of commercial, scientific, engineering, domestic and household gears.

Most educated and modern Indians have abandoned their original Indian way of life and happily adopted the western way of life.

There are so many logical and obvious questions that have more negative answers than they have positive. Yet there exists an abundance of Indian imbeciles who sincerely believe in those fabricated and twisted allegories, fallacies and blunders, constructed by a few heedless charlatans.

But when one asks these charlatans, why couldn't we Indians apply this knowledge for our own development? In reply, they become absolutely mute.

Perhaps the entire Indian population was suffering from sever Amnesia or Alzheimer's disease; and as a result, no Indian could remember the mathematics, science and technologies, invented by the past Indian generations; and transfer the cognition to the successive generations.

Maybe the ancient Indians had serious problems in documenting their works; but then, it generates serious disparity, as no one could ever claim anything about it.

Furthermore; how come the whole of India and her massive population of hundreds of millions of Indians became slaves to a few foreign invaders even when Indians were 2000:1 strong against the invaders?

So, no amount of false rationalisation could ever account for such dismal and opprobrious records of Indian impetuousness.

Only a complete blockhead would absorb such make-believe allegories, heedlessly discharged by the impostors.

Or maybe, these impostors are just prompting the rest of the Indians to jog their minds rather than memories.

[thamiz]

I get terribly frightened when I read some of the most cognitively degenerated, ignorant, distorted, disoriented and pretentious posts about the past Indian achievements in science, technology and mathematics, when there have been no real evidences of recognised cognitive outgrowth of Indians in any of the stated fields. Except a few isolated cases.

Me too!

[SRS]

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Jyotisha
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Astrology

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Jyotisha (jyotiṣa, in Hindi and English usage Jyotish) is the Hindu system of astrology, one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, and regarded as one of the oldest schools of ancient astrology to have had an independent origin, affecting all other schools in and around India. The Sanskrit word derives from jyótis (disjointed as "Ja"+"Ya"+"O"+"T"+"ish" to get the root meaning as "water or birth"+"in addition to" + "earth" and "stars" + "knowledgeable" equating as one who is knowledgeable, or enlightened with knowledge, of birth, fate, and relationship to water, earth and stars) or which means "light, brightness", but in the plural also "the heavenly bodies, planets and stars".

Jyotish has historically been part of a continuous "holistic" approach to living and to spiritual practice within the life of Hindus predominant in India.

Jyotish is often discussed as the instructional element of the Rig Veda, and as such is a Vedanga, or "body part" of the Vedas, namely called the Eye of the Veda, for its alleged ability to view both phenomenal reality and wisdom itself. Part of a larger Vedic curriculum including mathematics, architecture, medical and military applications. Jyotish has its own sophisticated reference to the noumenal: the planets are "grahas", which are thought to seize or act upon created beings and influence their actions and life.

As Hindus believe that humans have fortune and misfortune in life because of karma, many use Jyotish to understand the downs in life due to the influence of planets, i.e., Navagraha and perform religious ceremonies to mitigate bad karma.

Contents [hide]
1 Foundations
2 Branches of Vedic / Hindu Astrology
3 Hindu and Western astrology
4 Modern approaches to Jyotisha
5 Fundamentals of Jyotisha
5.1 Graha - the planets
5.2 Rashi - the signs
5.3 Bhava - the houses
5.4 Nakshatra - the lunar asterism
5.5 Veshaish Lagna - Special Ascendants
5.6 Varga - the divisional charts
5.7 Drishti - the aspect
5.7.1 Types of Aspect
5.8 Argala - the intervention
5.9 Arudha - the mounted image
5.10 Yoga - the planetary combinations
5.11 Shadbala - the sixfold strength
5.12 Ashtakavarga
6 Classical Jyotish / Vedic astrology Treatises/Books/Texts
6.1 Treatises on Nativity
6.2 Treatises on Hindu Electional Astrology
6.3 Samhitas — treatises on mundane, portents, omens, meteorology etc.
6.4 Siddhanta — Astronomy and Mathematics and its application to astrology
7 Notes and references
8 Partial bibliography
9 See also
10 External links



[edit] Foundations
Part of a series on
Hindu scriptures

Vedas
Rigveda · Yajurveda
Samaveda · Atharvaveda
Vedic divisions
Samhita · Brahmana
Aranyaka · Upanishad
Upanishads
Aitareya · Bṛhadāraṇyaka
Īṣa · Taittirīya · Chāndogya
Kena · Muṇḍaka
Māṇḍūkya ·Praśna
Śvetaśvatara
Vedanga
Śikshā · Chandas
Vyakarana · Nirukta
Jyotisha · Kalpa
Itihasa
Mahabharata · Ramayana
Other scriptures
Smriti · Purana
Bhagavad Gita · Sutra
Pancharatra · Tantra
Kumara Vyasa Bharata · Stotra
Hanuman Chalisa · Ramacharitamanas
Shikshapatri · Vachanamrut
See also
Mythology
This box: view • talk • edit
Jyotish's many lineages or paramparas emphasize that its study is a sadhana or technique of mental and existential development. In modern times, it is a chief source of reference for many Hindus and other astrologers. Vedic astrologers will frequently prescribe special stones or meditation techniques using mantras to those facing difficult or unclear futures as predicted by means consistent with Jyotish methodology. While in past centuries, Brahmins had been the primary practitioners of Jyotish, since the last century, a renaissance of study of Jyotish and other Vedic sciences emerged in India and the west.[citation needed]

The foundation of jyotish is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas, which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. Surya, the Sun, is a manifestation of Vishnu, a central aspect of the Supreme, and is also the Atman within man. The term "Vedic astrology" has been recently introduced by American and Western astrologers in the 1980s and 1990s, leading to collaborative organizations such as the now-international [1].

In India, Jyotish is still commonly used to aid in important decisions in life. In Hindu culture, newborns are traditionally named based on their jyotish charts, and jyotish concepts are pervasive in the organization of the calendar and holidays as well as in many areas of life. Astrolgy is perceived to be vital in Indian culture, in making decisions made about marriage, opening a new business, and moving into a new home.


[edit] Branches of Vedic / Hindu Astrology
Vedic astrology (Aagam Shaastra / Jyotisha- futurity sciences) has three main branches:

Siddhanta (Astronomy): Astronomy & its application to astrology
Samhita (Mundane astrology): Covers Mundane astrology, predicting important events related to countries such as war, earth quakes, political events, astro - meteorology, financial positions, electional astrology; house & construction related matters (Vaastu Shaastra), animals, portents & omens etc.
Hora (Predictive astrology):
This branch has the following different styles / sub branches:-


Jaatak Shaastra / Hora Shaastra (Natal Astrology / horoscopy): Prediction based on individual horoscope.
Muhurt or Muhurtha (Electional astrology): Selection of beneficial time to initiate an activity to get maximum fruition from the life activities.
Swar Shaastra (Phonetical astrology): Predictions based on name & sounds.
Prashna (Horary astrology): Predictions based on time when a question is asked by querent / querist.
Ankjyotisha / Kabala (Numerology): A branch of astrology based on numbers.
Nadi Astrology: An ancient treatise having detailed predictions for individuals.
Tajik Shaastra / Varsha Phal (Annual Horoscopy): Astrology based on annual solar returns.
Jaimini Sutras: A non-conventional method of timing of events based on Famous Indian astrologer, Acharya Jaimini.
Nastjaatakam (Lost Horoscopy): Art of tracing / construction of lost horoscopes.
Streejaatak (female astrology): A special branch of astrology dealing with female nativities.
Other related branches


Graha Samudriki (Astro- Palmistry): Palm reading as horoscope.
Hasta Rekha / Samudrika Shaastra (Palmistry): Based on palm reading.
Padatal Shaastra (Plantarology): Based on reading of lines & signs on the sole.
Shakun Shaastra (Omens): Predictions based on omens & portents.
Swapna Vidhya : Interpretation of dreams.
Kapal Vidya (Phrenology)
Aakriti Vidya (Physiognomy): Based on structure & moles on the body.
Kerala Jyotisha: Predictions based on querrist reply regarding name of flower or colour or touching part of body.
Remedial Astrology: Various modes of propitiation of planets based on planetary positions in nativity, transits, elections & for religious functions.
In Vedic literature guidance is given on two other branches viz, Electional astrology and Remedial astrology.


[edit] Hindu and Western astrology
The most easily referred to difference between the two lies in the method of measurement of the Zodiac. Vedic astrology uses primarily the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the Spring equinox). This difference becomes only noticeable over time, after the course of several centuries, as a result of the precession of the equinoxes. Synchronically, the two systems are identical, with just a shift of the origin of the ecliptic longitude by about 22 degrees or days, resulting on the placement of planets in the previous sign in Western charts about 80% of the time.

Both Jyotish and Western traditions have existed for millennia. Vedic astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction incorporating unique sacralized elements not found elsewhere, such as its specific system of lunar mansions (called nakshatras, encompassing a pantheon of archetypal deities). The nakshatras are used to pick auspicious times of day or month for every human activity as well as to provide insight into the motivations and guiding characteristics of humans and events coming under their influence. Nakshatra cycles, or dashas, are developing a reputation in contemporary culture for the accuracy with which they time events.

A further unique concept in jyotish rarely seen in Western astrology is the concept of Dashas - a mathematical analyses that breaks down human or the subject's lifetime into various sub-periods based on the location of Moon at birth.

Predictions in jyotish incorporate various elements around the birth chart - influences of transits (similar to Western Astrology though more focused on houses or bhavas) as well as Dashas.


[edit] Modern approaches to Jyotisha
Vedic astrology includes a number of techniques and approaches that have accumulated over the eons with little consensus on what gives consistently accurate results. This collection of techniques and approaches is sometimes referred to as Classical or Traditional Jyotish. However, the march towards new insights and applications continues in the modern epoch, as in earlier times, with the objective as ever to achieve more precise analysis and accurate predictions. In the 1960s, H.R. Seshadri Iyer, introduced a system including the yoga point, which has become popular in also the West. In the early 1990s, V.K. Choudhry introduced the Systems' Approach for Interpreting Horoscopes, a simplified system of Jyotish. Another modern school of Jyotish, is KP (Krishnamurti Paddhati), developed by Shri Krishnamurti from India. It mainly bases the analyses more on the stars (nakshatras) by sub-dividing the signs (rashis).


[edit] Fundamentals of Jyotisha
Vedic astrology i.e. Jyotish contains some concepts that are not found in any other school of astrology. Some of the important building blocks are discussed below.


[edit] Graha - the planets
Graha literally means any heavenly body or point that can cast an impact on human affairs. It may be translated as planet for ease. Graha also includes lunar nodes (Rahu and Ketu) and sub-planets (upgrahas) which are not planets but no less effective than planets. The extra-saturnine planets (Uranus, Neptune and Pluto) are not included in the category of Graha.

Here are the list of nine grahas (heavenly bodies or "planets"):

Abbreviation Sanskrit Name English Name Represents
Sy or Su Surya Sun Soul
Ch or Mo Chandra Moon Mind
Ma Mangala or Angaraka or Kuja Mars energetic action, confidence and ego
Bu or Me Budha Mercury Communication
Gu or Ju Guru or Brihaspati Jupiter the great teacher
Sk or Ve Sukra Venus wealth, pleasure and reproduction
Sa Sanaiscarya, Shani, or Śani Saturn learning the hard way. Career and Longevity
Ra Rahu Ascending/North Lunar Node often described as a demon who does his best to plunge any area of one's life he controls into chaos
Ke Ketu Descending/South Lunar Node supernatural influences


[edit] Rashi - the signs
Sidereal zodiac is also an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like tropical zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is called sign or rashi.

They also recognize twelve zodiac signs, or Rashis:

Number Sanskrit Name Western Name
1 Mesha Aries
2 Vrishabha Taurus
3 Mithuna Gemini
4 Karka Cancer
5 Simha Leo
6 Kanya Virgo
7 Tula Libra
8 Vrishchika Scorpio
9 Dhanus Sagittarius
10 Makara Capricorn
11 Kumbha Aquarius
12 Meena Pisces

One's Ascendant, or lagna, the rashi which is rising on the eastern horizon at the time of one's birth, is the most influential and important one. Of lesser importance but still some impact is the Janma Rashi, the rashi in which the moon lay while one was born.

There are three different Jyotish chart notations, which are functionally equivalent but quite different in appearance. The following images show the same birth chart in the two main notations - North Indian and South Indian. The third notation is followed in Eastern parts of India.


In the North Indian notation, the house positions are fixed (1st house top middle, with the rest following in counterclockwise order) and the signs of the zodiac are indicated by numbers in the chart (1 for Aries, and so on).
Conversely, in the South Indian notation, the signs of the zodiac have fixed positions (Aries always occupies the 2nd box from the left in the top row, with the rest following in clockwise order), and the first house is marked "As" (for ascendant) with the rest following in clockwise order.


The charts are broken into twelve sections, houses or Bhavas, each of which is related to a rashi in an equal house system.


[edit] Bhava - the houses
Two house system is in practice among follower of Jyotish. First one is what Western astrologers call the whole sign house system while the second one is Sripathi akin to Porphyry house system. KP also incorporates Placidus house system. The significance of 12 houses are as follow.

1st house Native, Appearance, Character, Purpose of Life
2nd house Wealth, Family, Meal, Early Education
3rd house Younger coborn, Communication (phone, sms, chatting etc)
4th house Mother, Education, Home, Property, Vehicle
5th house Children, Lover, Recreation, Devotion, Creativity
6th house Health, Maternal uncle and aunt, Litigation, Servants
7th house Spouse, Business partner, Death, Trade, Agreement
8th house Sex, Longevity, Failure, Family of spouse, Dowry
9th house Luck, Higher learning, Travelling, Religion, Mentor
10th house Profession, Status, Power, Father, Mother-in-law
11th house Friends, Hopes, Earnings, Elder coborn, Daughter/Son-in-law
12th house Expenses, Sleep, Donation, Foreign stay

[edit] Nakshatra - the lunar asterism
Like sign or rashi, zodiac may also divided into 27 equal parts (of 13 degree 20 minutes each). This division of zodiac is called Nakshatra. Traditionally nakshatra position of Moon is computed for native's mental make up and calculations of planetary periods (dashas). Each nakshatra is further partitioned into four equal segments known as charan or pad. Nakshatra contains an important place in Astrological match making, Mahurtha, Panchanga and Prashana affairs.

See Nakshatra for list of lunar mansions


[edit] Veshaish Lagna - Special Ascendants
Sage Parasara mentioned a few special lagnas before mentioning the results of various divisional charts and houses. His mention that houses can be counted from special lagnas clearly indicates that he wanted special lagnas to be used instead of lagna for some clear purposes. Some important special lagnas are follows.

Chandra Lagna (ascendant counted from natal Moon sign - very important langa)
Surya Lagna (ascendant counted from natal Sun sign)
Karak Lagna (significator taken as ascendant for all grahas)
Varnada Lagna (for social company)
Shri Lagna (for prosperity and marriage)
Indu Lagna (for wealth)
Hora Lagna (for financial prosperity)
Gati Lagna (for name and fame)

[edit] Varga - the divisional charts
The term Varga means Division and refers to the various divisions of a sign, based on which Divisional Charts (or simply D-Charts) is constructed. Divisional charts (Vargas or Amsas) are very peculiar to Jyotish, and they are not found in other systems of astrology. Ancient Indian Mentor and Expert, Maharishi Parashara describes 16 divisional charts which are as follows;

Rasi D-1: Body, Phyiscal Matters and All Generall Maters
Hora D-2: Wealth, Family
Drekkana D-3: Siblings, Nature
Chaturthamsa D-4: Fortune and Property
Saptamsa D-7: Children/Progeny
Navamsa D-9: Wife, Dharma and Relationships
Dasamsa D-10: Actions in Society, Profession
Dwadasamsa D-12: Parents
Shodasamsa D-16: Vehicles, Travelling and Comforts
Vimsamsa D-20: Spiritual Pursuits
ChaturVimsamsa D-24: Education, Learning and Knowledge
SaptaVimsamsa D-27: Strengths and Weakness
Trimsamsa: D-30 Evils, Failure, Bad Luck
KhaVedamsa D-40: Maternal Legacy
AkshaVedamsa D-45: Paternal Legacy
Shastiamsa D-60: Past birth/Karma
Maharishi Jaimini explaines 4 more divisional charts. They include;

Panchamsa D-5: Fame & Power
Shasthamsa D-6: Health
Ashtamsa D8: Unexpected Troubles
EkaDasamsa/Rudramsa D-11: Death and Destruction
Apart form Rashi (D-1); Navamsha (D-9), Drekkana (D-3), Dasamsa (D-10) and Trimsamsa (D-30) are considered significant divisional charts.


[edit] Drishti - the aspect
Aspect is one of the most important phenomena that not only interlinks the planets with each other but also playing a role of bridge between signs. In Jyotish the word Drishti is tantamount to Aspect, means glance or sight. It is the transfer of influences to another graha or rashi as a result of their situation in relation to each other.


[edit] Types of Aspect
The hierarchy of aspect can be categorized into two types as;

1- Aspect based on Planet or Sign’s Nature
2- Aspect based on Relative Distance
1- Aspect based on Planet or Sign’s Nature
This is the system of aspect studied in Vedic Astrology. This holds that certain planet or sign sights another planet or sign depends on its nature. This can also be divided into two kinds, namely;

Graha Drishti
Rashi Drishti
Graha Drishti should prefer when analyzing


Nakshatra Dasha
Chart with respect to the Moon
Sahams i.e. Arabic Parts
Rashi Drishti should prefer when analyzing


Rashi Dasha
Chart with respect to Special Lagnas (AL GL, HL etc)
Vargas i.e. Divisional Charts
2- Aspect based on Relative Distance
This is the same method in vogue in Western Astrology. Tajik Varshphal (Vedic Solar Return Chart) applies this technique to erect 14 different types of aspects also known as varshphala yogas.


[edit] Argala - the intervention
Significations of various houses are interlinked. Support provided by one house to another is called Argala and the obstruction offered to supporting houses is called Virodha argala.

Graha (planets) in 2nd, 4th and 11th house cause argalas on a given house, whereas the planets in 12th, 10th and 3rd cause virodha argalas to 2nd, 4th and 11th respectively.

Banefic generally give shubha argalas, malefic offer papa argalas. If however a malefic has an argala on house of which it is a significator, such an aragala can be termed as shubha. For example a malefics in 10th house cast papa argala to 9th house as 10th house is second from 9th. This may make the native non religious and give bad relations with boss/teacher, provided there is no virodh argala from 8th.


[edit] Arudha - the mounted image
The term Arudha Pada is also known as "Pada". Arudha literally means "mount" and refers to the IMAGE of a sign falling on another due to "reflection of the rays emanating from it and being reflected by its lord.

Keeping the reflection in view, the Karaka (Significator) can be taken to be the Moon. Count from a sign to its lord. Then count as many signs from the lord to arrive at the ARUDHA PADA. For example, if the Lagna Lord is in the fifth house, then count five signs from the Lagna lord to arrive at the ninth house. This ninth house becomes the arudha Pada for the Lagna.

Exception: The Arudha Pada cannot be in the same sign or the seventh from it. In case this happens, then choose the tenth house therefrom. For example, if the Lagna Lord is in the 4th house, then the Arudha lagna should be in the 4th from the 4th house i.e. the 7th house. But since this is not allowed, the tenth therefrom should be chosen. The tenth from the 7th house is the 4th house and the 4th house becomes the Arudha Lagna.

Arudha of 1st house is also called PADA LAGNA or ARUDHA LAGNA. Arudha lagna stands for "manifestation of self, in this maya (illusory) world". In this manner Arudha Pada can be computed for all the houses. They are called Dhana Pada (2nd), Bhratripada (3rd), Matri Pada (4th), Mantrapada (5th), Satrupada (6th), Dara Pada (7th), Roga pada (8th), Bhagyapada (9th), Rajyapada (10th), Labhapada (11th) and Upapada (12th). Jaimini discussed Arudha lagna (AL) and Upapada (UL) extinsively in his classical treatise.


[edit] Yoga - the planetary combinations
In Jyotish, Yoga means yoka or combination. Yogas are certain planetary combinations. Jyotish classics explaines hundred of thousands of yogas. Chandra (lunar combinations for general luck), Dhana (wealth related) and Raja (power and success related) yogas are often studied.


[edit] Shadbala - the sixfold strength
Shadbala means sixfold strength. Although these strengths are combinedly used for finding the effect of planets on the lives of the natives, there is more use of the strengths and we get the clue of those uses from their names. These strengths need not be used only predicting the results of the dasa, however, can be used for normal horoscopic interpretation.

Shad Bal consists of the following strengths

1. Sthan Bal (Positional strength)
2. Dig Bal (Directional strength)
3. Kaal Bal (Temporalstrength), inclusive of Ayan Bal (Equinoctial strength)
4. Chesht Bal (Motional strength)
5. Naisargika Bal (Natural strength)
6. Drik Bal (Aspectual strength)
These strengths are computed for the seven Grahas from Sun to Saturn. The lunar nodes (Rahu and Ketu) are not considered.


[edit] Ashtakavarga

[edit] Classical Jyotish / Vedic astrology Treatises/Books/Texts

[edit] Treatises on Nativity
Skanda Hora or Jyotishmati(God Brahma)
Brihat Prajapatya (Daksha Prajapati)
Vasishta Hora (Sage Vasishta)
Garga Hora (Sage Garga)
Kousika Hora (Sage Viswamitra)
Sounaka Hora (Sage Sounaka)
Brihat Parasara Hora Sastram (Sage Parasara)
Jaimini Sutram (Sage Jaimini)
Brigu Sutram (Sage Brigu)
Vedanga Jyotish (Lagadha)
Yavaneswara Hora or Yavanajataka (Sage Yavaneswara)
Sphujudwaja Hora (King Sphujidwaja)
MeenarajaHora or Vridha Yavana Hora (King Meenaraja)
Saravali (Kalyana Verma)
Brihat Jatakam (Varahamihira)
Phala deepika (Mantreswara)
Hora Saram (Prithu Yasas)
Sarvartha Chintamani (Venkatesa Daivajna)
Hora Ratna (Acharya Balabhadra)
Jataka Parijatam (Vaidyanatha Deekshita)
Chatkara Chintamani
Kashyapa Hora
Poorva Kalamritam (Ganaka Kalidasa)
Uttara Kalamritam (Ganaka Kalidasa)
Suka Nadi
Deva Keralam or Chandra Kala Nadi (Achyuta)
Tajaka Neelakanthi (Neelakantha)
Pranasanushata Padhati
Prasna Ratna
Prasna Margam (Panakkattu Sankaran Nambootiri Brahmin)
Daivajna Vallabha (Varahamihira)
Kaalaprakashika

[edit] Treatises on Hindu Electional Astrology
Adbhuta Sagaar
Brihannarad
Brihatdaivygyaranjan
Brihatjyotisaar
Daivygyamanoranjan Daivygyamanohar Granth
Ganak Mandan
Gian Manjari
Hindu Electional Astrology (V K Shridhar)
Jaganmohan Granth
Jyotiprakash
Jyotirnibandh
Jyotish Ratan
Jyotishsaar
Jyotish Chintamani
Jyotirvidabharnam
Kaal Khanda
Kaal Nirnaya Deepika
Kaal Prakashika
Madhaveeyam
Muhurtarnava
Muhurt Bhaskar
Muhurt Chintamani (Daivygya Ram)
Muhurt Chudamani
Muhurt Darpaan
Muhurt Deepak
Muhurt Deepika
Muhurt Ganpati
Muhurt Kalpadrum
Muhurt Maala
Muhurt Manjari
Muhurt Martanda
Muhurt Muktaavali
Muhurt Prakash
Muhurt Padavi
Muhurt Saagar
Muhurt Sangraha
Muhurt Tattva
Muhurt Tattvapradeep
Muhurtarnava
Muktaavali
Narpatijacharyaaswarodaya
Naardeeya
Nibandh Chudamani
Poorva Kaalamrit (2)
Rajmartanda
Ratan Koosh
Ratanmaala
Samarsaar
Shiv Swarodaya
Vaivahaar Pradeep
Vivah Kautuhal
Vivah Patal
Vivah Pradeep
Vivah Saar
Vivah Vrindavan
Vyvahaarochchya
Yoga Yatra
Vyvaharsaar

[edit] Samhitas — treatises on mundane, portents, omens, meteorology etc.
Brahmarshi Samhita
Brihaspati Samhita
Brihat Samhita
Parasara Samhita
Garga Samhita
Rishiputra Samhita
Guru Samhita
Kashyap Samhita
Lomasha Samhita
Maanav Samhita
Naagarjun Samhita
Narad Samhita
Shakalya Samhita
Samaas Samhita
Samhita Pradeep
Samhita Sidhhanta
Satya Samhita
Sur Samhita
Vaikhaan Samhita
Vasist Samhita

[edit] Siddhanta — Astronomy and Mathematics and its application to astrology
Ancient Surya Sidhata (Maya)
Brahma Sidhanta (God Brahma)
Lomasa Sidhanta (Sage Lomasa)
Poulisa Sidhanta (Sage Poulisa)
Pitamaha Sidhanta (God Brahma)
Vasishta Sidhata (Sage Vasishta)
Vridha Vasishta Sidhanta (Sage Vridha Vasishta)
Garga Sidhanta (Sage Garga)
Parasara Sidhanta (Sage Parasara)
Pancha Sidhantika (Varaha Mihira)
Modern Surya Sidhanta (Aryabhata II)

[edit] Notes and references
^ http://www.councilvedicastrology.org/ Council of Vedic Astrology

[edit] Partial bibliography
"27 Celestial Portals", Trivedi, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-940985-84-5
"A Textbook of Varshaphala: Vedic Astrology Technique of Annual Horoscopy", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-1-5
"Applications of Yogini Dasha for Brilliant Predictions", Rajeev Jhanji and N.K. Sharma, Systems Vision, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-86374-00-0
"Astrology of the Seers", Frawley, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-914955-89-6
"Dots of Destiny: Applications of Ashtakvarga", Vinay Aditya, Systems Vision, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-86824-04-9
"Elements of Vedic Astrology", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-0-7
"Essentials of Medical Astrology", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-3-1
"Fundamentals of Vedic Astrology, Vedic Astrologer's Handbook Vol. 1", Behari, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-940985-52-7
"Introduction to Vedic Astrology" By Pundit. Sanjay Rath
"New Techniques of Prediction", Vols. 1 & 2, H.R. Seshadri Iyer, Rohini Printers, Bangalore, India, 1963
"Key of Life: Astrology of the Lunar Nodes", Trivedi, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-940985-33-0
"Ayurvedic Astrology: Self Healing Through the Stars", Frawley, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-940985-88-8
"Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India", de Fouw and Svoboda, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-940985-69-1
"Myths and Symbols of Vedic Astrology", Behari, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-940985-51-9
"Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology", Harness, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-914955-83-7
"Planets in the Signs and Houses: Vedic Astrologer's Handbook Vol. 2", Behari, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-940985-53-5
"Systems' Approach for Interpreting Horoscopes", Third Revised Edition, 2002, V.K.Choudhry, Sagar Publications, New Delhi, India. ISBN 81-7082-017-0.
"Predictive Techniques in Varshaphala: Annual Horoscopy", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-86824-03-0
"Subtleties of Medical Astrology", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-5-8
"Surya The Sun God", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-2-3
"Yogas in Astrology", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-4-X
"Surya The Sun God", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-2-3
"Yogas in Astrology", Dr. K S Charak, Uma Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-901008-4-X

[edit] See also
Astrology Portal
Bhrigu Samhita
Culture of India
David Frawley
Hindu
Hindu calendar
Hindu cosmology
Hinduism
History of India
Sri Yukteswar Giri
Vedas

[edit] External links
Vedic Astrology Magazine
VedicScholar
modern writings including research articles in Jyotisha
Free North Indian Horosope with Narration
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotisha

[thamiz]

Nonetheless, there is no stronger evidence of the death of a language than the dead language itself.

If one can see that and admit that, of course!

I am sure the "alive" language of today might well 'die' when its time comes!